Can I work while waiting for the application for a temporary residence permit to be considered on the basis of the stamp in the passport confirming the submission of the application?

Just possession stamp in the passport, does not mean that you can "automatically" start working in Poland.

so you can work legally one of the following circumstances must exist:

1. on the day of submitting the application for temporary residence, you had the right to work in Poland (e.g. a statement on entrusting work to a foreigner from the PUP or a work permit) and you currently have such an entitlement;
2. you have submitted another application for a uniform residence and work permit in the same company and in the same position, the same type of contract (continuation of employment);
3. on the day of submitting the application for a uniform residence and work permit, you had a valid type A work permit and you applied for the same company and the same position, the same type of contract (continuation of employment) for which you had a type A work permit;
4. on the day of submitting the application for a uniform residence and work permit, you had a valid declaration of entrusting work to a foreigner from PUP issued on the basis of an employment contract, on which you worked continuously for over 3 months and submitted an application for the same company and the same position and the same type of contract (continuation of employment) for which you had a declaration;
5. on the day of submitting the application for a uniform residence and work permit, you had a valid declaration on entrusting work to a foreigner from PLO issued on the basis of an employment contract, on which you worked less than 3 months, the application did not contain any formal defects and you received a stamp - you are waiting for a decision in on residence - you can work only until the end of the declaration, unless your employer additionally submits an application for a type A work permit, after a full 3 months of your work on the declaration, but before its end, and the type A work permit will be submitted for the same company, position and type of contract for which the statement from PUP was issued;
6. you are in a different situation that exempts you from obtaining a work permit, e.g. you are a graduate of a Polish upper secondary school, full-time university studies or full-time doctoral studies at a Polish university.